Milia are harmless skin growths that are more commonly found in dry skin types. They can appear anywhere on the face and body but are more frequently seen around the eyes, nose, and cheeks. Milia can develop in people of all ages, including newborns, but are more prevalent in adults. Milia are not harmful, but they can be unsightly.
Milia are caused by a buildup of keratin, a protein that is found in the skin. Keratin is produced by cells called keratinocytes. When keratinocytes die, they are normally shed from the skin. However, if the keratinocytes become trapped under the skin, they can form milia.
Milia can form for various reasons, including:
- Ineffective natural exfoliation: When the skin’s natural exfoliation process is not efficient, dead skin cells can accumulate, leading to the formation of milia.
- Skin trauma: Milia can develop after skin injuries, such as burns, blisters, or laser resurfacing treatments.
- Prolonged sun exposure: Chronic exposure to the sun can lead to the thickening of the skin’s outer layer, increasing the likelihood of milia formation.
- Use of heavy, occlusive skincare products: Products that are too rich or oily can clog pores and contribute to milia formation.
There are a number of factors that can increase the risk of developing milia. These include:
- Dry skin
- Eczema
- Psoriasis
- Rosacea
- Irritation from cosmetics or other products
- Skin trauma, such as a laser resurfacing procedure
Milia can be persistent and challenging to remove, but several treatment options can help:
- Exfoliation: Regular exfoliation with alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) or beta-hydroxy acids (BHAs) can help prevent milia formation by promoting cell turnover and preventing the buildup of dead skin cells.
- Retinoids: Topical retinoids, such as tretinoin or adapalene, can improve skin cell turnover and help prevent milia.
- Manual extraction: Estheticians can perform manual extraction of milia using a sterile needle or comedone extractor. However, clients should be advised not to attempt this at home, as improper extraction can cause scarring or infection.
- In-office treatments: Dermatologists and estheticians can provide more advanced treatments, such as microdermabrasion, chemical peels, or laser resurfacing, to address milia in more severe cases.
Preventing Milia To help clients prevent milia, beauty professionals can recommend the following skincare practices:
- Encourage clients to use gentle, non-comedogenic skincare products that are suitable for their skin type.
- Advise clients to protect their skin from excessive sun exposure by using a broad-spectrum sunscreen daily.
- Teach clients the importance of regular exfoliation to promote healthy skin cell turnover and prevent dead skin cell buildup.