A macule is a flat, circumscribed area of skin discoloration that is generally less than 1 centimeter in diameter. These flat spots or discolorations can appear in various colors, such as brown, red, or white, and are neither raised nor sunken. Macules are not physically palpable, meaning that they cannot be felt when touching the skin. Freckles are common examples of macules, but other conditions can also cause macules to form, such as melasma, vitiligo, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH).
A macule is a flat, discolored area of skin that is less than 1 centimeter in diameter. It is not raised or sunken. Macules can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
- Sun exposure: Sun exposure is the most common cause of macules. The sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays can damage the skin’s pigment cells, which can lead to the development of dark spots, such as freckles and age spots.
- Melasma: Melasma is a type of skin pigmentation disorder that is characterized by the development of brown or grayish patches on the face. Melasma is more common in women, and it is often triggered by hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy or menopause.
- Pigmented birthmarks: Pigmented birthmarks are present at birth and are caused by an overgrowth of pigment cells. There are a variety of different types of pigmented birthmarks, including moles, café au lait spots, and port-wine stains.
- Inflammation: Inflammation can cause the skin to become red and swollen. In some cases, inflammation can also lead to the development of macules. For example, acne can cause the development of red, raised bumps called papules.
- Medications: Some medications, such as certain antibiotics and anticonvulsants, can cause the development of macules.
- Medical conditions: Some medical conditions, such as liver disease and kidney disease, can cause the development of macules.
Macules are not considered a disease or ailment and thus do not require a cure. Nonetheless, there are some solutions that can help diminish and lighten their appearance. It is important to note that all macule treatments offer temporary results, with no permanent solutions available.
There are several treatment options available to help fade macules. Some of these include:
- Sun protection: Educate clients on the importance of sun protection to prevent further skin discoloration or worsening of existing macules. Recommend the use of broad-spectrum sunscreens with a minimum SPF of 30, and advise clients to wear protective clothing, hats, and sunglasses when outdoors.
- Topical treatments: Depending on the cause of the macules, you may recommend various topical treatments to help lighten or even out skin tone. These can include ingredients such as hydroquinone, glycolic acid, kojic acid, azelaic acid, and vitamin C. Be sure to inform clients about the proper application and potential side effects of these treatments.
- Professional treatments: In some cases, professional treatments may be necessary to address more stubborn macules or discoloration. These can include chemical peels, microdermabrasion, laser treatments, and intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy. As a beauty professional or esthetician, you should have a clear understanding of the indications, contraindications, and potential risks associated with these treatments.
- Address underlying skin conditions: If the macules are a result of an underlying skin condition, such as acne or eczema, it is essential to manage and treat the condition appropriately to prevent further macules from forming.
Freckles and macules are both types of skin lesions, but they differ in their characteristics and causes.
Freckles are small, flat, and round spots that are usually tan, brown, or black in color. They are more common in fair-skinned individuals and are caused by an increase in the production of melanin in response to exposure to sunlight. Freckles typically appear on the face, arms, and upper body and can fade or darken depending on sun exposure.
Macules, on the other hand, are also flat and circular spots, but they can have a variety of colors such as red, brown, or white. They are caused by various factors such as infections, allergies, or autoimmune diseases. Macules do not change in color when pressed and can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters.