Chloasma, also known as melasma or the “mask of pregnancy,” is a skin condition that causes dark patches to form on the face. The patches are typically brown or gray, and they can appear on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and upper lip. Chloasma is more common in women than men, and it is often triggered by hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy or menopause. Sun exposure can also contribute to the development of chloasma.
Several factors can contribute to the development of chloasma, including:
- Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, can cause an increase in melanin production, leading to chloasma. This is why the condition is often associated with pregnancy (melasma gravidarum) or the use of hormonal contraceptives.
- Sun exposure: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can trigger or exacerbate chloasma by stimulating melanocytes to produce more melanin.
- Genetic predisposition: Individuals with a family history of chloasma are more likely to develop the condition. Approximately 40% of individuals who have a history of melasma will experience a recurrence of the condition during their subsequent pregnancy or while taking oral contraceptive pills.
- Skin inflammation: Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation can also result in chloasma-like patches, especially in individuals with darker skin tones.
Treatment options for beauty professionals and estheticians
- Topical treatments: Topical products containing skin-lightening agents, such as hydroquinone, glycolic acid, kojic acid, azelaic acid, or licorice extract, can help reduce the appearance of chloasma by inhibiting melanin production. Beauty professionals and estheticians should carefully consider the client’s skin type, medical history, and potential sensitivities when recommending such products.
- Chemical peels: Mild to moderate chemical peels using alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) or beta hydroxy acids (BHAs) can help exfoliate the skin, reduce hyperpigmentation, and improve the overall skin tone. It is important to choose the appropriate peel type and concentration for the client’s specific needs and ensure proper post-peel care.
- Microneedling: Microneedling, also known as collagen induction therapy, can stimulate collagen production and promote skin rejuvenation. When combined with topical skin-lightening agents, it can effectively target chloasma.
- Laser therapy: Some clients may benefit from laser treatments or intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy to reduce chloasma. These treatments should be performed by qualified professionals and may require multiple sessions for optimal results.
- Sun protection: Educate clients on the importance of daily sun protection to prevent chloasma from worsening or recurring. Recommend broad-spectrum sunscreens with a minimum SPF of 30, along with protective clothing and accessories.
Melasma is quite prevalent in individuals with Fitzpatrick skin types 4 and 5 who possess certain genetic predispositions. Thankfully, with the advent of innovative treatments and methods, there is now significant hope for effectively eliminating and clearing it from the skin.